Amalungelo wobuntu eSewula Afrika

Amalungelo wobuntu eSewula Afrika avikelwe ngaphasi komthethosisekelo.Umbiko wamaLungelo woBuntu wango-1998 ka-Myles Nadioo waveza bona urhulumende uhlonipha amalungelo wezakhamuzi,nanyana kunjalo bekunokutshwenyeka malungana nokusetjenziswa kwamandla ngabasebenzi bomthetho,ukuthatha amagadango womthetho,nokubandlululwa.Ikhomitjhini yamaLungelo woBuntu igunyazwe mThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika kanye nomThetho weKhomitjhini yamaLungelo woBuntu ka-1994, ukutjheja,kokubili ngokuzikhandla nangeenkhalazo ezilethwa phambi kwayo,ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu nokufuna ukulungiswa kokwephulwa okunjalo.Godu inendima yokufundisa.

Isikhathi sebandlululo

Ibandlululo bekulihlelo lokuhlukanisa nokubandlulula ebegade lisetjenziswa babantu abancani abamhlophe ngokujamelana nenengi labantu abanzima.Ukwenza isibonelo,abantu abanzima bebangakavunyelwa ukuthenga inarha ngaphandle kweendawo ezibekelwe inarha nanyana bebabantu bomdabu. Imithetho eminengi yeSewula Afrika elwisana nebandlululo yenziwa ngesikhathi kugcinwa engqondweni bona lokho okubonwa mphakathi weentjhabatjhaba,iinhlangano zamalungelo wobuntu,kunye nenengi labantu abanzima enarheni njengokungabi nobulungiswa kwezehlalakuhle nezomthetho okuhlobene nebandlululo,nomlayezo wayo wokulwisana nebandlululo udunyiswe njengobuso obuhle besitjhaba se-Sub-Saharan.

Amalungelo wefundo

Urhulumende weSewula Afrika wenze umthetho wefundo elinganako enarheni yoke.Umthetho lo ufakahlangana i-White Paper on Education and Training 1995 kunye ne-South African Schools Act, Act 84 of 1996.Nanyana kunjalo,kube neendaba ekuphumeleliseni imithetho le,begodu ngokuya kombiko we-2020 we-Amnesty International,iSewula Afrika inehlelo elingakalingani khulu ephasini,elinamaphuzu wokuhlolwa ama-20% weenkolo eziphezulu kunye nama-80% aseleko.Urhulumende weSewula Afrika uvame ukutjheja khulu ikhwalithi yefundo ephakemeko.Ukungezelela,akukho ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu ngokobuhlanga eenkolweni zombuso.Nanyana imithetho ivumela ukuhlanganiswa,iinkolo ezinengi zihlala ziyihlanga eyodwa.Ngokukhuthazako,inani labafundi abaqeda ibanga le-12 likhuphuke khulu eminyakeni esanda kwedlula,lisukela eengidini ezi-3.7 zamaSewula Afrika aneminyaka eli-15 nangaphezulu ngo-1996 ukuya eengidini ezili-11.6 ngo-2016.

Iimfunda zemakhaya

Inengi lefundo eSewula Afrika linikelwa zikolo zemakhaya. Kuhlekuhle,pheze ama-79% wabantu abanzima beSewula Afrika bahlala emiphakathini yemakhaya.Nanyana kunjalo, urhulumende unganaki ikhwalithi yefundo eendaweni ezisemakhaya.Iindaba eziphathelene neenkolo zemakhaya zifaka hlangana:iinsetjenziswa ezimbi,ukutlhayela kwamanzi ahlanzekileko,ukutlhayela kweensetjenziswa,kunye nabotitjhere abanganamandla.Nakuqalwa iinsetjenziswa ezimbi,ezinye iinkolo azizinzile begodu zisengozini yokubhidlika,ezinye iinkolo zitlhoga igezi.Inengi leenkolo ezinabantwana abangaphezu kwama-500 azinawo amathoyilethi afaneleko,kuthi ezinye iinkolo azinawo amathoyilethi.Ukudlula lapho,iinkolo ezinengi zemakhaya ziseendaweni ezikude ezinganawo amanzi ahlanzekileko. Amanzi avamise ukuba kude ngamakhilomitha begodu angasilapheleko ngombana iinlwana zigeza begodu zisele kiwo.Ukutlhogeka kwamanzi lokhu kuyindaba ethileko emini lokha amazinga womtjhiso aphezulu khulu.Ukuba kude kweenkolo zemakhaya nakho kuyikinga ethileko ngombana zikude khulu namakhaya wabafundi.Begodu,iinkolo ezinengi azilungisi indaba le ngeenthuthi.Phezu kwalokho,iinkolo ezinengi azinazo iincwadi ezitlhogekako nezinto zokufunda. NgoMgwengweni 2010,iGazethi kaRhulumende yabona bona iindawo zokufunda ezingakalungi zikhuphula amazinga wokuphutha kwabotitjhere kunye namazinga wokuphuma esikolweni wabafundi.Abanye abafundi abanakho ukudla okwaneleko begodu balambile ngesikhathi sesikolo.Indlala le ibangela ukutlhayela kokudzimelela begodu yenza iindawo zokufunda zingabi zihle.

Amalungelo wabantwana abakhubazekileko

Nanyana iSewula Afrika yavuma iSivumelwano samaLungelo waBantu abaKhubazekileko ngo-2007,abantwana abakhubazekileko abakakwazi ukuthola ifundo ngokulinganako.Ebujameni obunengi, isikolo sombuso singaqunta bona ngibaphi abafundi abangatlolisa,begodu isikolo singalahla umntwana okhubazekileko ngaphandle kwemiphumela.Ebujameni lapho umfundi angabhalisa khona esikolweni somphakathi,isikolo singatlhoga iinsetjenziswa ezitlhogekako zokufundisa abantwana abakhubazekileko kuhle.Ukungezelela,abantwana abakhubazekileko eenkolweni zombuso bakateleleka bona babhadele iimali—ezifana nomsizi—abanye abafundi abangatlhogeki bona bazibhadele.ISewula Afrika ineenkolo ezitlhogomela abafundi abakhubazekileko,kodwana iinkolo lezi zilinganiselwe ngenani begodu zitlhoga bona kubhadelwe imali.Inani elilinganiselweko leenkolo likatelela abantwana bona bakhwele namkha basebenzise iinthuthi ezibizako. Ngomnyaka ka-2000,iKomidi yamaLungelo waBantwana ye-UN beyitshwenyeke khulu ngokutlhogeka kokusetjenziswa kwesivumelwano seSewula Afrika sokuqinisekisa ifundo yamabanga aphasi yasimahla.ISewula Afrika isazabalaza ukunikela ngefundo yamabanga aphasi yasimahla kibo boke abantu.Ukungezelela,abafundi abanengi abakhubazekileko abakghoni ukuthola ifundo esezingeni eliphezulu ngombana basehlwini lokulinda eenkolweni ezitlhogomela abafundi abaneemfuno ezikhethekileko.Ukwenza isibonelo,ngo-2015, bekunabantwana abangaba yi-5,552 abakhubazekileko erhelweni lokulinda.

Amalungelo wepolotiki

ISewula Afrika inomthethosisekelo okhululekileko ovikela zoke iinkululeko zepolotiki eziqakathekileko.Nanyana kunjalo,kube nezehlakalo ezinengi zokugandelela kwezepolotiki kunye nokusongelwa kokugandeleleka kwesikhathi esizako ngokuphula umthethosisekelo lo okwenza abanye abahlaziyi neenhlangano zomphakathi baphethe ngokuthi kunesimo esitjha sokugandelela kwezepolotiki namkha ukwehla kokubekezelelana kwezepolotiki.

Ukusekelwa kwezepolotiki yinto eqakathekileko kwezepolotiki yeSewula Afrika.Kodwana,ukusekelwa lokhu kwephula amalungelo wabantu,khulukhulu labo abatlhagako.Ama-40% wabantu beSewula Afrika bathembele embusweni bona ubanikele izinto ezitlhogekako.Ukuthembela embusweni lokhu kunciphisa ukuzijamela kwabantu beSewula Afrika abatlhoga isizo leli.Iimfuneko lezi zinikelwa ngendlela yezibonelelo,ezitlhoga amadokhumende karhulumende ukuzifumana.Ngalokho-ke,ubuphathi budlala indima ekulu emandleni womuntu wokuthola isibonelelo begodu ngaleyo ndlela athole izinto ezitlhogekako.Abezombusazwe bathola abathatha indawo yabo ngokuya ngeenthembiso eziphathekako.Nangabe abosopolotiki bazalisekisa iinthembiso lezi,kanengi abamukelwako ngilabo abasekela abosopolotiki kwaphela.Ngokuqakatheke khulu,ukuthembela kwabavowudi embusweni kuvimbela ikghono labo lokuvowuda ngokuya ngemibono.Isimanga lesi asikhambisani nemigomo yentando yenengi yeSewula Afrika.

Ihlalakuhle

Kusukela ngo-2021,pheze ama-30% wabantu beSewula Afrika (18 yezigidi ebantwini beenarha abaziingidi ezima-60) bathole isibonelelo sikaRhulumende.Inani leli lakhula khulu ngesikhathi sengogwane lekhovidi ;ngoSewula wee-2020, abantu abangaphezu kwama-70% beSewula Afrika bebahlala emzini othola isekelo likaRhulumende.

I-1997 "Iphepha elimhlophe lezehlalakuhle" liveza umthethomgomo wezehlalakuhle weSewula Afrika.Iphepha elimhlophe lezehlalakuhle lidzimelele ekunikeleni amaSewula Afrika amathuba wokuzijamela okukhulu.Ukwenza isibonelo, iPhepha elimhlophe lezehlalakuhle libeka ukuhlinzekwa kwamaphrojekthi wemisebenzi yomphakathi.Iphepha elimhlophe libuye ligandelele ukuqakatheka kweenhlangano ezingekho embusweni zehlalakuhle ekunikeleni ngehlalakuhle.Iinhlangano ezinjalo zifaka hlangana iinhlangano ezingasizo zikaRhulumende (ama-NGO) kunye neenhlangano zekolo.Phezu kwalokho,iPhepha elimhlophe lidzimelele ekutheni urhulumende anikele ngehlalakahle khulukhulu emindenini.Kodwana,iPhepha elimhlophe linemibandela embalwa ebantwini abadala.Urhulumende ulindele bona imindeni ithathe umthwalo wokutlhogomela iinhlobo zayo ezikhulileko,ngokwengcenye ngebanga lamasiko.Iphepha elimhlophe labuye lahlanganisa iimali zokusekelwa kwabantwana begodu lalisa ukucabanga okungakalungi malungana nendima yobulili emndenini. Ukwenza isibonelo,i-White Paper azange ikhulume ngomuntu omduna ekhaya "njengomuntu ozondlako".Ukungalingani ngokobuhlanga emadorobheni weSewula Afrika kusesekhona,nanyana inarha sele iqede ibandlululo.Inengi labantu abanzima beSewula Afrika basatshwenyeka ngokufumana iintlhogo ezifana nezindlu,bahlala emalokitjhini angatlhogonyelwa kuhle.Ngokuphikisako,abantu abanengi beSewula Afrika abamhlophe abahlala emadorobheni bahlala emiphakathini evaliweko eneenvikeleko ezinengi zangasese. I-Sowetan Live isanda kubika bona "kwamambala idorobha lifake isandla"ekwakheni "amakhaya wezehlalakahle ama-4,000 eendaweni ezili-11" lapho izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwe-350,000 zisatlhoga isizo lezezindlu msinyana.

Zepilo

ISewula Afrika inobulwelwe obunengi obuthelelekako. Imalariya yimbangela ekulu yokuhlongakala ngebanga lokutlhogeka kwemithombo yokwelapha iingulani.Phezu kwalokho,amanzi asilaphazekileko ngefucuza yabantu neyamabubulo okufaka isandla ekurhatjhekeni kwamalwele. Ukuhlongakala okunengi kubangelwa buphofu kunokutlhogeka kweendlela zokwelapha ubulwele.Ukutlhaga kusizathu esikhulu sokuhlongakala ngombana imindeni erhola imali encani ayikghoni ukuthenga iinkonzo zezamaphilo ezifaneleko,begodu neembhedlela azikghoni ukuthenga izinto ezaneleko.Phezu kwalokho,abantu abahlala eSewula Afrika abafuduke ngokungekho emthethweni baswele iinsetjenziswa zokunakekelwa kwepilo okungasikho okuphuthumako.Ukwenza isibonelo,abantu abanengi abahlala e- Hillbrow Health Precinct abakho emthethweni begodu baneensetjenziswa zezamaphilo ezimbi. Ngokukhethekileko,ezinye izakhiwo zeembhedlela zakhiwa ngaphambi kwePi yesiBili yePhasi.Ukudlula lapho, umphakathi we-Hillbrow unamazinga aphezulu wezifo ezitheleleka ngokobulili.

I-HIV/AIDS

ISewula Afrika inenani elikhulu labantu abaphila ne-HIV/AIDS ephasini,abayi-7.5 yeengidi ukusukela ngo-2021.Kwathoma ukutholakala ngo-1982.Ubulwelwe lobu bathoma ukutholakala ebantwini abathandana nabobulili obufanako, kodwana msinyana warhatjheka ebantwini abathandana nabobulili obufanako.Ngebanga lokurhatjheka msinyana, urhulumende walinga ukungenelela begodu asize.Nanyana kunjalo,iSewula Afrika beyiseminyakeni yokugcina yebandlululo lokha i-HIV/AIDS nayiba mraro.Ngalokho, urhulumende weSewula Afrika waba nobudisi obukhulu bokunciphisa umphumela wobulwelwe.Ukwenza isibonelo, ngebanga lokuhlukaniswa kweenkolo kunye nokuphikisana okuphathelene nalokho,urhulumende akhenge adzimelele ekunikeleni ifundo yezomseme esezingeni eliphezulu ebeyidzimelele khulukhulu ku-HIV/AIDS.Phezu kwalokho, urhulumende wendawo nowefederali bebangavumelani malungana nokwabiwa kwemali yokukhandela i-HIV/AIDS, lokho kwabangela ukungasebenzi kuhle nokuhlangahlangana.Godu,enye yemali eyabelwe ukukhandela i-HIV/AIDS yasetjenziswa kumbi.Ukwenza isibonelo,umvumo obizwa nge -Sarafina II bewuqalelelwe ukwandisa ukutjheja nge-AIDS nokukhandela i-AIDS. Kodwana,umdlalo lo bewungacaci begodu awuzange usize khulu ngefundo yezomseme.Okunengi kokwelatjhwa kwe-HIV/AIDS nokuragela phambili kusekelwe ngemali ziinhlangano ezingenzi inzuzo ezifana ne -WHO ne -UNAIDS.

Amalungelo wezomseme newe-LGBT

Ukubandlulula ngokobulili

ISewula Afrika iqalene neendaba eziphathelene nokungalingani ngokobulili emacaleni wekhotho.Isibonelo esihle khulu ngesecala lokukata laka- Jacob Zuma ngo-2006. "U-Khwezi,umlweli we-AIDS wesifazana,waletha u-Zuma emthethwandaba ngokumkata.Njengokuzivikela kwakhe,u-Zuma wathi "angaba nokuthintana nabantu abasikazi" lula, yeke waveza bona bekangasoze amkate u-Khwezi wasebenzisa isiko lamaZulu njengokusekela." Izenzo lezi zabangela bona abasekeli bezobulili batjhikije ngokuphikisana nokubandlululwa ngokobulili begodu baphakamise ukutshwenyeka ngokuthi ijaji livumele ikhotho bona ivume ubufakazi ngomlando ka-Khwezi wezomseme, kodwana azange ivume ubufakazi obuvela emlandwini wezomseme ka-Zuma.Abantu abanengi bebabona ngasuthi u-Zuma waphikisana nentando yenengi yesimanjemanje yeSewula Afrika ngombana bekajamele isihlobo esikhulu khulu.

Ukukata

Ngomnyaka ka-2018/19,amapholisa weSewula Afrika arekhode ukukata okuma-41,583,nanyana izazi ziyelelisa ngokuthi kubudisi ukuhlola bona mangakhi amanye amacala angakabikwa.Irhubhululo lango-2009 lathola bona indoda eyodwa kwabane yeSewula Afrika yavuma ukukata umuntu begodu elinye irhubhululo lathola bona wengubo munye kwabathathu kwabafazi abayi-4000 ababuziweko bathi bakatwe emnyakeni odlulileko.

Ukukata nakho kwenziwa bantwana (abanye abaneminyaka elitjhumi).Izehlakalo zokukatwa kwabantwana ngezinye zezehlakalo eziphezulu khulu ephasini.Ukukatwa kwabantwana okunengi okudumileko okufaka hlangana ukuhlinzwa okukhulu kokuvuselela ukwakha kabutjha umchamo,izitho zangasese,isisu,nofana iinhlelo ze-tracheal sele kuvele.

Amalungelo wabasebenzi

Ngokomthetho

ISewula Afrika inemithetho yezabasebenzi ecacileko necacileko.Imithetho yayo yezabasebenzi engatjho litho ivezwe emthethwenisisekelo begodu ibeka imibandela yemithetho ecacileko.Imithetho ecacileko ibekwa baqatjhi begodu iqondene nomsebenzi ngamunye.Ngakelinye ihlangothi,imithetho engabonakaliko nguMthetho wezobudlelwano bezabasebenzi 66 ka-1995,umThetho weeMbandela eziSisekelo zokuQashwa 75 ka-1997, umThetho wokuLingana kokuQashwa okuTjha 55 ka-1998, kunye nomThetho wokuThuthukiswa kwamaKghono 97 ka-1998—omunye nomunye uneentjhuguluko ezilandelako. Umthetho wezobudlelwano bezabasebenzi 66 uvumela abasebenzi bona benze iinyunyana begodu babonisane ngokuhlanganyela.Ngokukhamba kweminyaka,inani leenyunyana eSewula Afrika lehle.Godu,kuneenyunyana ezimbalwa ezihlobene nefedereshini kunye neenyunyana ezizijameleko ezinengi eSewula Afrika namhlanjesi. UmThetho weMibandela yokuQashwa 75 unemithetho ephathelene nama-awa wokusebenza,ikhefu,nokuqedwa emsebenzini.UmThetho omutjha wokuLingana kokuQashwa 55 wasungulwa ukwehlisa ukubandlululwa.Iphinde inikeze amapharamitha wesenzo sokuqinisekisa.UmThetho wokuThuthukiswa kwamaKghono 97 ukhuthaza ukukhiqiza kwabasebenzi nokuncintisana emakethe.

Iinyunyana

ISewula Afrika inemiraro ephathelene nemisebenzi.Enye into ekhona kukubunjwa kweenyunyana.Kuhlekuhle,ama-22% wabasebenzi beSewula Afrika bangamalunga weyuniyoni. Ngo-2012,kwenzeka i-Marikana Massacre.Ukubulawa kwabantu e-Marikana bekukubulawa kwabavukuzi be-platinamu abama-44 ebegade bateleka ukwenzela bona bathole irholo elingezelelweko.Abantu abangu-78 balimala begodu abangu-259 babotjhwa.Esinye isizathu salesi sihluku bekukukuthi isiteleka besingakavikeleki.Phezu kwalokho, abasebenzi beplasi ababhadelwa kumbi bebateleka.Esinye isibonelo kusiteleka kwabasebenzi beplasi le-Western Cape, lapho abasebenzi bebanengi abafazi.Isiteleka sabangela ukuhlongakala kwabantu aba-3,kodwana abasebenzi bathola ukunyuselwa kwemirholo ngama-52%.Isiteleka lesi besingakavikeleki.Kwaba nenye isiteleka sokumba iplatinamu ngo-2014,kodwana sahlukile esiteleka sokumba iplatinamu ngo-2012 ngombana besivikelwe.Ukuvikelwa kwavimbela ubuhlungu bamapholisa.Kuhlekuhle,isiteleka lesi sathatha iinyanga ezihlanu.Ngalokho-ke,ukukhiqizwa kweplatinamu ephasini loke kwehle ngama-40% ngebanga lokutlhogeka kwabasebenzi.Irholo labasebenzi lakhuphuka njengomphumela,kodwana abasebenzi nabo balahlekelwa ngebanga lomthethomgomo "wokungasebenzi,akukho mrholo" eSewula Afrika.Abasebenzi abatelekako ngokuvamileko bakhuthazwa khulu,ngitjho nanyana batelekako abavikelweko,ngombana kunengozi ekulu yokulahlekelwa.

Iinkomba

1.https://www.gov.za/about-government/human-rights

2.https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/southern-africa/south-africa/report-south-africa/

3.https://www.sahrc.org.za/

4.https://www.justice.gov.za/constitution/chp02.html

5.https://unimelb.libguides.com/c.php?g=928011&p=6704328

6.https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2

7.https://www.legalwise.co.za/help-yourself/quicklaw-guides/protected-constitution

8.https://www.sahrc.org.za/#:~:text=The%20Human%20Rights%20Commission%20in%20South%20Africa,and%20United%20Nations%20treaty%20bodies%20amongst%20themselves.

9.https://www.parliament.gov.za/project-event-details/2