I-Nigeria

I-Nigeria, ngokusemthethweni yi- Federal Republic of Nigeria, yinarha eseTjingalanga ye-Afrika hlangana ne- Sahel ngetlhagwini kanye ne- Gulf of Guinea e- Atlantic Ocean ngesewula. Ihlanganisa indawo 923,769 square kilometres (356,669 mi . Njengombana inabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezima-236, lilizwe elinabantu abanengi khulu e- Afrika, begodu lilizwe lesithupha elinabantu abanengi khulu ephasini . I-Nigeria inomngcele we-Niger enyakatho, i-Chad enyakatho-mpumalanga, i-Cameroon empumalanga, ne -Benin entshonalanga . I-Nigeria yiriphabliki yombuso ehlanganisa amazwe ama -36 kanye ne- Federal Capital Territory, lapho ikosi yayo, i-Abuja, itholakala khona. Idorobha elikhulu khulu e-Nigeria ngokwenani labantu yi -Lagos, enye yamadorobha amakhulu khulu ephasini begodu mkhulu khulu e-Afrika.

I-Nigeria sele ilikhaya lamasiko amanengi womdabu, imibuso yangaphambi kobukoloni kanye nemibuso kusukela eminyakeni eyikulungwana yesibili BC. Isiko le-Nok, c. 1500 BC, kutshwaya enye yeempucuko zokuthoma ezaziwako esifundeni. ImiBuso yama-Hausa beyihlala enyakatho, noMbuso we -Edo we-Benin eningizimu, uMbuso we -Igbo we-Nri eningizimu-mpumalanga begodu eningizimu-ntshonalanga, uMbuso we-Oyo . Indawo yamanje ye-Nigeria beyihlala amadorobha amanengi. Ekuthomeni kwekhulu leminyaka ye-19 ama-jihad wama-Fula agcina ku- Sokoto Caliphate . Umbuso wesimanjemanje wathoma ngokubusa kwamaBrithani ngekhulu le-19, wathatha ubujamo bawo bamanje ngokuhlanganiswa kwe- Southern Nigeria Protectorate kanye ne- Northern Nigeria Protectorate ngo-1914. AmaBrithani asungula izakhiwo zokuphatha nezomthetho begodu afaka amakhosi wesintu njengendlela yokubusa okungaqondileko . I-Nigeria yaba yifederali ezijameleko ngokusemthethweni mhlana ali-1 kuNobayeni 1960. Yaba nepi yomndeni kusukela ngo-1967 ukuya ku-1970, kwalandela ukulandelana kwamabutho wamasotja kanye noburhulumende abakhethwe ngentando yenengi bekwaba kulapho ithola urhulumende ozinzileko ekhethweni lomongameli we-Nigeria ngo-1999.

I-Nigeria yizwe elinamazwe amanengi elihlala iintjhaba ezingaphezu kwama-250 ezikhuluma amalimi ahlukileko ama-500, zoke zifana namasiko ahlukahlukeneko. Amaqembu amathathu amakhulu weentjhaba ngama- Hausa enyakatho, ama-Yoruba entshonalanga, kanye nama-Igbo empumalanga, ndawonye akha ngaphezu kwama-60% wabantu boke. Ilimi elisemthethweni sisiNgisi, esikhethelwe ukusiza ukubumbana kwelimi ezingeni lezwe. Umthethosisekelo we-Nigeria uqinisekisa itjhaphuluko yekolo, begodu likhaya labantu abanengi bamaSulumane namaKrestu ephasini. I-Nigeria ihlukaniswe phakathi kwamaSulumane, ahlala khulu engcenyeni yetlhagwini yenarha, namaKrestu, ahlala khulu ngeSewula; iinkolo zendabuko, ezifana nalezo ezivela eentjhabeni zama -Igbo nama -Yoruba, zimbalwa.

I-Nigeria linamandla esifundeni se-Afrika begodu liphakathi nendawo eendabeni zamazwe ngamazwe. Umnotho we-Nigeria ngowesine ngobukhulu e-Afrika, ngowesi-52 ngobukhulu ephasini nge -GDP encani, begodu ngowesi-19 ngobukhulu nge -PPP . I-Nigeria ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Giant of Africa ngezakhamuzi zayo ngebanga labantu abanengi nomnotho wayo, begodu ithathwa njengemakethe ekhulako yiBhanga lePhasi . I-Nigeria lilunga elisungula i- African Union begodu lilunga leenhlangano ezinengi zamazwe ngamazwe, okufaka hlangana i -United Nations, i- Commonwealth of Nations, i-NAM, i- Economic Community of West African States, i-Organization of Islamic Cooperation kanye ne -OPEC . Ingenye yama- Next Eleven economies, begodu lilunga, kanye ne -Mexico, Indonesia, ne -Turkey, yesiqhema se-MINT.

I-Etymology

Ibizo elithi Nigeria lisuselwa emlanjeni i-Niger ogeleza enarheni le. Ibizo leli laqanjwa mhlazi-8 kuTjhirhweni 1897, yintatheli ye-Britain u-Flora Shaw . IRiphabhliki ye-Niger engumakhelwana ithatha ibizo layo emlanjeni ofanako. Umsuka webizo elithi Niger, ekuthomeni ebegade asebenza eendaweni eziphakathi nendawo zomlambo i-Niger, awuqiniseki. Igama leli kungenzeka litjhugululwe ibizo le -Tuareg elithi egerew n-iger ewen ("umlambo wemifula") ebegade lisetjenziswa babantu abahlala phakathi komlambo ozungeze i-Timbuktu ngaphambi kobukholoni be-Europe bekhulu le-19. Ngaphambi kobana uFlora Shaw aphakamise ibizo elithi Nigeria, amanye amagama ahlongozwako afaka hlangana i-Royal Niger Company Territories, i-Central Sudan, i-Niger Empire, i-Niger Sudan, kanye ne -Hausa Territories .

Ukumbiwa kwedamu le-Kainji kutjengise ukusebenza kwensimbi ngekhulu lesibili BC. Ukutjhuguluka ukusuka esikhathini se-Neolithic ukuya esikhathini se -Iron Age kwenziwa ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwethusi okuphakathi. Abanye baphakamise bona ithekhnoloji ithuthele entshonalanga ukusuka e- Nile Valley . Kodwana i -Iron Age esigodini se-Niger River kanye nendawo yamahlathi kubonakala kwangaphambi kokungeniswa kwensimbi e-savanna ephezulu ngeminyaka engaphezu kwama-800, begodu kwandulela kwayo e-Nile Valley. Irhubhululo lakamuva litjengisa bona ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kwenziwa ngokuzijamela e -Afrika .

Impucuko ye-Nok yathuthuka hlangana nomnyaka ka-1500 BC ukuya ku-200 AD. Yakhiqiza iinthombe ezifana ne-terracotta ezingezinye zeenthombe zokuthoma ezaziwako e-Afrika begodu yancibilikisa insimbi ngabo-550 BC begodu mhlamunye emakhulwini weminyaka ambalwa ngaphambilini.Ubufakazi bokuncibilika kwensimbi nabo buvunyelwe eendaweni ze-Nsukka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Nigeria: kusukela ngo-2000 BC endaweni ye-Lejja[10] kanye no-750 BC endaweni ye-Opi.