Ipi ye-Vietnam

Ipi ye-Vietnam (1 kuNobayeni 1955 [ A 1 ] – 30 kuMrhayili 1975) bekuyipi ehlomileko e- Vietnam, e-Laos, ne- Cambodia eyalwa hlangana ne -North Vietnam (i-Democratic Republic of Vietnam) ne- South Vietnam (i-Republic of Vietnam) nabalingani babo. I-North Vietnam beyisekelwa yi- Soviet Union ne -China, kuthi i-South Vietnam beyisekelwa yi- United States namanye amazwe aphikisana namakhomanisi . Ukulwa bekungokwesibili kwepi ye-Indochina begodu bekuyimpi ye- Cold War hlangana ne-Soviet Union ne-US. Ipi ye-Vietnam bekuyinye yepi yekululeko yesitjhaba yangemva kobukoloni, ithiyetha yePi yeKholoni, kanye nepi yomndeni, lapho ipi yombango iyinto eqakathekileko kusukela ekuthomeni. Ukuzibandakanya kwamasotja we-US kwanda kusukela ngo-1965 bekwaba kulapho amabutho we-US ahoxiswa khona ngo-1973. Ukulwa kwagcwala ePini yomKhaya ye-Laotian ne-Cambodia, eyaphela lapho woke amazwe amathathu aba makhomanisi ngo-1975.

Umlando

Ubujamo bokulwa bebuphawulwa yipi yama-guerrilla enesihluku nokutlhogeka kwemigqa yangaphambili yendabuko. Ngesikhathi amabutho we-U.S. newe-South Vietnamese athembele ebuchwephetjheni obuphezulu, amandla womoya, kanye namakhemikhali aqeda amakari afana ne-Agent Orange, i-North Vietnamese Army ne-Viet Cong basebenzisa indawo yamahlathi aminyeneko ukuze bazuze. Basebenzisa inethiwekhi ebanzi yemihubhe engaphasi komhlabathi kanye ne-Ho Chi Minh Trail ukuthoma ukuhlasela okungalindelekileko, okwenza bona kube budisi bona i-U.S. iphumelele ngokuzeleko nanyana ilimale abantu abanengi.

Ngemva kwesehlakalo se-Gulf of Tonkin ngo-1964, i-US Congress yadlulisa isiqunto esanikela uMongameli u-Lyndon B. Johnson igunya lokungezelela ubukhona bamasotja ngaphandle kokumemezela ipi. U-Johnson wathoma umkhankaso wokubhoma enyakatho begodu wathumela amabutho wepi, okwakhuphula khulu ukuthunyelwa kwabantu kwaba yi - 184,000 ngo-1966, kanye nama-536,000 ngo-1969. Ngo-1968, i-North Vietnam yathoma i- Tet Offensive, eyaba kukuhlulwa kwamaqhinga kodwana yenza bona ama-America amanengi akholwe bona ipi leyo angeze yanqotshwa. Umlandeli kaJohnson, u-Richard Nixon, wathoma " i-Vietnamization " kusukela ngo-1969, okwabona ukulwa kulwa yi-ARVN eyandisiweko ngesikhathi amabutho we-US ahoxa. Ukuvukela umbuso kwe-Cambodia ngo-1970 kwabangela ukuhlaselwa kwe-PAVN nokuhlaselwa kwe -US-ARVN, okwakhuphula ipi yayo yombango. Amasotja we-US besele ahoxe e-Vietnam ngo-1972, begodu iimvumelwano zokuthula ze-Paris zaka-1973 zabona abanye batjhiya. Iimvumelwano zaphulwa yi-North Vietnam, begodu ukulwa kwaragela phambili bekwaba kuhlasela kwentwasahlobo yango-1975 nokuwa kwe-Saigon ku-PAVN, okutjho ukuphela kwepi. I-North ne-South Vietnam yahlanganiswa godu ngo-1976.

Ipi le yabiza iindleko ezinengi khulu : kulinganiselwa bona amasotja we-Vietnam nabantu ababuleweko kusuka ku-970,000 ukuya ku-3 million. Ama-Cambodia angaba ma-275,000 ukuya ku-310,000, ama-Laotian angama-20,000 ukuya ku-62,000, kanye namalunga we-US angama-58,220 ahlongakala. [ A 7 ] Ukuphela kwepi bekuzokurhabisa abantu be-Vietnam abasesikepeni kanye nehlekelele ekulu yababaleki be-Indochina, eyabona iingidigidi zabantu zitjhiya i-Indochina, lapho abangaba zi-250,000 babhubha elwandle. 20% yehlathi leSewula Vietnam lafafazwa ngemithi yokubulala ukhula, okwabangela imiraro emikhulu yezamaphilo.  : 144–145  I -Khmer Rouge yenza ukubulawa kwabantu be-Cambodia, begodu iPi ye-Cambodia-Vietnamese yathoma ngo-1978. Ngokuphendula, i-China yahlasela i-Vietnam, ngokurarana kwemingcele kwaze kwaba ngu-1991. Ngaphakathi kwe-US, ipi yabangela i-Vietnam syndrome, ukuzonda ukuzibandakanya kwebutho le-America laphetjheya, , ihlazo le-Wagater, kwaba nomthelela ebujamweni bokuzithemba obuthinte i-United States ngabo-1970.

Isendlalelo

Ekuthomeni kwabo-1970, ipi besele ingasathandwa khulu ngaphakathi kwe-United States, lokho kwabanga imitjhagalo emikhulu yangekhaya kanye nokutjharagana kwezepolotiki. I-Tet Offensive yango-1968 yaba lithuba lokutjhuguluka kwengqondo, njengombana yatjengisa bona i-North beyikude nokuhlulwa, okurholele ekutheni i-U.S. iphume kabuthaka okwaziwa ngokuthi "yi-Vietnamization." Ukurarana ekugcineni kwaphela ngoMrhayili wee-1975 lokha amabutho we-North Vietnamese nakathumba i-Saigon, ahlanganisa inarha ngaphasi kombuso wamakhomanisi begodu atjhiya ilifa lokulahlekelwa kwabantu okukhulu kanye nendlela etjhugulukileko yomthethokambiso wangaphandle wephasi loke.