Oliver Tambo

U-Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo (owaziwa khulu ngo-Oliver Tambo nofana u-OR) wabelethwa edorobhaneni le-Kantilla, e-Bizana, e-Mpondoland (eQawukeni), esiphandeni se-Eastern Cape, mhlana amalanga ama-27 kuNobayeni 1917. Uyise bekanabafazi abane nabantwana abalitjhumi begodu, nanyana bekangazi ukufunda, bekaphila kuhle. U-Mzimeni Tambo bekathanda amasiko, kodwana wabona nokuqakatheka kwefundo yeTjingalanga. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, uMzimeni watjhugulukela ebuKrestini ngesikhathi unina ka-Oliver besele amKrestu ozinikeleko. Ngemva kokubelethwa kwakhe, u-Oliver wabhabhadiswa ngokuthi ngu-Kaizana, ngemva kwaka-Kaizer Wilhelm we-Germany, amabutho wakhe alwa nama-British ngesikhathi sePi yePhasi yoku-1. Lokhu bekuyindlela kayise yokutjengisa ukuphikisana nokubusa kwama-British e-Pondoland ngo-1878. Njengomsana omncani, wanikelwa umsebenzi wokwelusa iinkomo zikayise. Nabelusi abakanye naye, msinyana wafunda ukuzingela iinyoni, ukuzibandakanya ekulwisaneni ngeentonga (lapho bekakwazi khona) nokulingisa iinlwana ngebumba.

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Oliver Tambo

Lokha u-Tambo nakaneminyaka eyisithupha uyise wamtjela bona uzokuthoma isikolo, ebegade siyikhilomitha elilodwa ukusuka ekhaya lakhe. Ngemva kokutlolisa, umfundisi wakhe wakhe wamtjela bona kufuze abe "nebizo lesikolo" begodu uyise wamnikela ibizo elithi-Oliver. UTambo waphasa igreyidi yokuthoma eyabe ibizwa nge- Sub A, ngemva kwalokho waya kwesinye isikolo e-Embhobeni. Lapha wathoma ukwaziswa umvumo osemthethweni, owaba msebenzi wepilo yoke nokuzilibazisa. Uyise, obekahlose ukunikela abantwana bakhe ifundo ehle, wabathuthela esikolweni se-Ludeke Methodist, esingaba makhilomitha ali-16 ukusuka ekhaya. Ngezinye iinkhathi uyise bekaboleka u-Tambo ipera lakhe bona aye ngayo esikolweni. Ukurarulula ubudisi bokukhamba ibanga elide ukuya esikolweni uyise wamenza wahlala nemindeni emithathu (ngeenkhathi ezihlukileko), yoke ebegade ihlala eduze nesikolo.

NgoMrhayili 1928, u-Tambo nomfowabo u-Alan babhalisa esikolweni sevangeli se-Anglican Holy Cross e-Flagstaff e-Eastern Cape. Uyise bekangakghoni ukubhadela iindleko zabo, kodwana abafazi ababili be-England ebebangabazi, u-Joyce no-Ruth Goddard, basiza ngokuthumela imali eyi-£10 qobe mnyaka ukubhadela iindleko zemfundo yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye wabafowabo abadala ogade asebenza njengesisebenzi esivela eenarheni zangaphandle e-Natal, (nje i-KwaZulu-Natal) naye wathumela ingcenye yomrholo wakhe ukubhadela iindleko ezingezelelweko. Ipilo ka-Tambo yokomoya yakhuliswa e-Holy Cross lapho abhabhadiswa khona njengomKrestu wangena esibayeni se-Anglican.

Esikolweni lesi, uTambo waba mdlali omuhle wekhilikithi nomdlali webholo, begodu waba nedumela elihle njengomdlali. Wabuye waveza ubuhlakani bakhe njengomulwi weswazi. Hlangana nabantwana besikolo esikolweni lesi, bekungu-Fikile Bam, owavalelwa ejele i-Robben Island ngebanga lemisebenzi ye-Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM) begodu wakhula waba negcwetha elidumileko. U-Tambo waphumelela khulu eemfundweeni zakhe kodwana ngebanga lokutlhogeka kwemali wakateleleka bona aphinde ibanga lesithandathu (ibanga lesiTjhumi nanye) kabili nanyana waphasa emzamweni wakhe wokuthoma. Ngo-1934 wasuka waya e-St Peter's Secondary School e-Rosettenville, e-Johannesburg ngokusizwa ngu-Miss Tidmarsh owayengutitjhere wakhe.

Ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela emdlalweni webholo, ithenisi nekhilikithi e-St Peter's, bekalilunga lekhwaya yesikolo. Nakaneminyaka eli-16, ngesikhathi aseholideyini e-Khotho, u-Tambo nabangani bakhe bakha i-Bizana Students Association (BSA). Wakhethwa njengonobhala wehlangano begodu u-Caledon Mda wakhethwa njengoSihlalo. Umnqopho we-BSA bekukuhlanganisa abafundi ngesikhathi samaholideyi begodu babafake emisebenzini ehlelekileko. U-Tambo wanikelwa isikhundla sokuba nguMphathi omkhulu esikolweni kodwana wala wathatha omunye umfundi. Esikhundleni salokho, wathatha isikhundla seSekela lehloko kaMphathiswa. Ngaleso sikhathi walahla utjwala, wafunga bona angekhe aphinde asele, into ayenza epilwenakhe yoke. Kwaba nenhlekelele ngesikhatheso njengombana ababelethi bakhe bahlongakala kungakapheli umnyaka.

Ngenyanga kaNovemba 1936, watlola isivivinyo sakhe se-Junior Certificate (JC), kanye nabafundi abanzima nabamhlophe e-Transvaal (manje ebizwa nge-Gauteng). Ngokokuthoma emlandwini, abafundi ababili be-Afrika, omunye ngu-Tambo, baphasa ukuhlolwa kwe-JC ngeklasi lokuthoma. I-Transkei Bhunga (i-Assembly of Chiefs) yamnikela isikolo seminyaka emihlanu se-£30 ngomnyaka. IYunivesithi yeSewula Afrika (i-UNISA) nayo yamnikela imali yokufunda yeminyaka emibili yama-£20. Wabe esethatha iinhlahlubo zebanga letjhumi ngoNobayeni wee-1938, lapho aphasa khona ngephasi lokuthoma.

Iminyaka yeyunivesithi

U-Tambo ekuthomeni bekafuna ukufunda ngezokwelapha, kodwana ngesikhatheso, akukho sikolo sezokwelapha esiphakemeko esamukela abafundi abanzima emkhakheni loyo. Wakhetha ukufunda izesayensi e-Kholeji ye-Fort Hare ebizwa ngesikhatheso. Kulapho ahlangana khona no-Nelson Mandela, lapho bobabili bebamalunga we-Students Christian Association (SCA). Kusukela emnyakeni wakhe wokuthoma u-Tambo bekafundisa esikolweni seSondarha. Bekabuye abe yingcenye yesiqhema sabafundi abasibhozo ebebavuma umrhatjho wendawo e-Grahamstown, e-Eastern Cape. Ngalesisikhathi u-Tambo bekatjhaywe.

U-Tambo nehlangano ye-ANC

Emhlanganweni we-ANC wango-1954, u-Tambo wakhethwa njengoNobhala Jikelele. Ngalowo mnyaka u-Tambo wathola umyalo wokuvimbela ovela kuMbuso. Nanyana kunjalo, wahlala azibandakanya emsebenzini wangemuva asebenza njengelunga leKomidi yeNarha yeSebenzi eyabhala iTjhatha yeNkululeko, ngemva kokufaka isandla nokubonisana okukhulu enarheni yoke. Lokhu bekwenzeka ngaphambi kwe-Congress of the People (COP), eyabizwa ngoMgwengweni we-1955, lapho i-Charter yamukelwa khona. Lokha i-COP nayibizwako, u-Tambo akhenge akghone ukuza ngebanga lemikhawulo ebegade ibekwe yona begodu kwafanela bona aqale imisebenzi asendaweni yokucasha ekhaya laka-Stanley Lollan e-Kliptown, eqale isikwere lapho i-Congress beyenza khona.

Ngo-1955 u-Tambo wathembisana no-Adelaide Frances Tsukhudu, umhlengikazi osebenza esibhedlela se-Baragwanath. Umtjhado wabo bewubekelwe mhlazi-22 kuNobayeni, 1956, kodwana pheze wahlehliswa ngombana u-Tambo wabotjhwa ngamacala wokuvukela umbuso mhlazi-5 kuNobayeni 1956. Ngemva kobana boke abasolwa banikelwe ibheyili, umtjhado wenzeka njengombana bekuhleliwe. Ngemva kokulalelwa kwecala lokuthoma uTambo noNduna u-Albert Luthuli bakhululwa. Amalunga we-ANC ali-155 abekwe amacala kilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-1956 Treason Trial.

Ngo-1957, u-Duma Nokwe wathatha isikhundla saka-Tambo waba nguNobhala Jikelele we-ANC, ngesikhathi u-Tambo wakhethwa njengeSekela likaMongameli we-ANC. Kusukela ngoMrhayili wee-1958, u-Tambo bekathulule e-Adelaide bona i-ANC beyifuna bona yena nomndenakhe baye ekuthunjweni. Njenganje iinthandani bezinabantwana abathathu, u-Thembi, u-Dali no-Tselane.

Ngesikhathi somhlangano we-ANC kaNobayeni we-1958 iKomidi yeNarha (i-NEC) yakhetha u-Tambo bona abe ngusihlalo womhlangano. Isiqhema samalunga we-ANC wangaphambilini, aziwa ngokuthi ma-Africanists, alinga ukuphazamisa umhlangano kodwana u-Tambo wakghona ukulawula umhlangano okwenza bona bagcine baphume. Ama-Africanist ahlukana ne-ANC begodu ngoMrhayili 1959 azibumba njenge-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Ngemva kweminyaka elitjhumi, u-Tambo watlola ukugxeka okukhulu kwe-PAC, wayisola ngokuthi ihlukanisa abantu begodu ayinasibopho.

Ngo-1959, u-Tambo bekakhokhela iKhomishini yomThethosisekelo ye-ANC. Ikhomitjhini ye-Tambo iphakamise bona i-ANC’S Women’s League (i-ANCWL) ne-ANCYL iqakathekiswe khulu ngokomthethosisekelo, begodu yavuma ukungabandlululi ngokobuhlanga kanye ne-Freedom Charter, hlangana nezinye izinto. Ukubuyekezwa komthethosisekelo we-ANC kwaziwa ngokuthi mThethosisekelo we-Tambo. Ngaso soke isikhathi bekufuze athwale umthwalo womsebenzi wezepolotiki nomsebenzi wefemu yezomthetho yedwa, ngombana u-Mandela bekasathonisiswa.