Ruhollah Khomeini
Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi Khomeini [ d ] (17 Meyi 1900 [ c ] – 3 kuMgwengweni 1989) bekangumtjhugululi wezepolotiki we-Iran nomfundisi we-Shia owasebenza njengomrholi wokuthoma omkhulu we-Iran kusukela ngo-1979 bekwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1989. Bekangumdosiphambili omkhulu we-1979 Iranian Revolution, eyabhidliza u-Mohammad Reza Pahlavi begodu yatjhugulula i-Iran yaba yi- Islam Republic .
Ubaba kaKhomeini wabelethwa edorobheni le- Khomeyn, esifundazweni se-Iran's Markazi, ubaba ka-Khomeini wabulawa nakaneminyaka emibili. Wathoma ukufunda i -Quran nesi -Arabhu kusukela asesemncani asizwa ziinhlobo zakhe. UKhomeini waba mfundisi ophakemeko ku -Twelver Shi'ism, i -yatollah, i- marja' ("umthombo wokulingisa"), i- mujtahid, i-faqīha ne- hafiz (isazi se- fiqh ), nomtloli weencwadi ezingaphezu kwama-40. Ukuphikisa kwakhe i- White Revolution kwabangela ukuqotjhwa kwakhe e- Bursa ngo-1964. Pheze ngemva komnyaka, wathuthela e -Najaf, lapho iinkulumo azinikelako eziveza ithiyori yakhe yezepolotiki ye- Guardianship of the Jurist zahlanganiswa encwadini ethi Islamic Government .
Ngemva kokuphumelela kwe-Iran Revolution, u-Khomeini waba yihloko yombuso welizwe ukusukela ngoMhlolanja wee-1979 bekwaba kulapho akhethwa njengomdosiphambili omkhulu ngoNobayeni womnyaka loyo. U-Khomeini bekayiNdoda yoNyaka yemagazini ye <i id="mwYQ">-Time</i> ngo-1979 ngebanga lomthelela wakhe weentjhabatjhaba begodu eminyakeni elitjhumi elandelako wachazwa ngokuthi "ubuso obubonakalako be-Shia Islam emasikweni adumileko weTjingalanga". Bekaziwa ngokusekela kwakhe abathumbi ngesikhathi seentjhijilo zokuthumba e-Iran ; i-fatwa yakhe ebiza ukubulawa komtloli wenoveli we-Britain owabelethelwa e-India u-Salman Rushdie ngebanga lokuhlathulula kwaka-Rushdie ngomphorofidi wama-Islam u-Muhammad enovelini yakhe i-The Satanic Verses, u-Khomeini ayithatha njengokuhlambalaza; ukulandela ukuchithwa kuka- Saddam Hussein ePini ye-Iran ne-Iraq ; begodu ngokubiza i-United States ngokuthi " nguSathana Omkhulu " no -Israyeli ngokuthi " nguSathana Omncani ".
Iminyaka yokuthoma
[edit | hlela umthombo]Isendlalelo
[edit | hlela umthombo]U-Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi Khomeini bekavela emlandwini wabanikazi beendawo ezincani, abefundisi, nabathengisi. Okhokho bakhe bafuduka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ukusuka ekhaya labo lokuthoma e -Nishapur, ebeyiyingcenye yesifunda se-Khorasan, e-Iran esenyakatho-pumalanga ukobana bahlale isikhatjhana eMbusweni we-Awadh, isifunda sesifunda samanje se- Uttar Pradesh, e-India, lapho ababusi bayo bekungamaSulumane we-Twelver Shina avela e-Persia . Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwabo, bamema begodu bamukela umsinga ongapheliko wezazi zamaPheresiya, iimbongi, izazi zomthetho, abakhi, nabadwebi. Umndeni wagcina uhlala edorobheni elincani le -Kintoor, eduze ne -Lucknow, idolobha elikhulu le-Awadh.
Umkhulu ka-Khomeini, u-Ahmad Hindi, wabelethwa e-Kintoor. Watjhiya i-Lucknow ngo-1830, waya ethuneni laka-Ali e-Najaf, e-Ottoman Iraq (nje i-Iraq), begodu azange abuyele emuva. Ngokuya komtloli weencwadi zomlando u-Baqer Moin, ukufuduka lokhu bekukuphunyuka ekusakazekeni kwamandla we-Britain e-India. Ngo-1834, u-Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi wavakatjhela i-Iran, begodu ngo-1839, wahlala e-Khomein. Nanyana wahlala e-Iran, waragela phambili aziwa nge-Hindi, okutjengisa ukuhlala kwakhe e-India, begodu u-Ruhollah Khomeini wasebenzisa i-Hindi njengebizo lepeni kezinye zeencwadi zakhe. Uyisemkhulu ka-Khomeini, u-Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari bekangumfundisi owakhipha i-fatwa yokukhandela ukusetjenziswa kwegwayi ngesikhathi se-Tobacco Protest.