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Ukufika KwamaBhuru ESewula Afrika

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Iflarha le-VOC (Dutch East India Company)

AmaDatjhi (ngokhamba kwesikhathi abizwa ngamaBhuru) afika esewula ne-Afrika, eKapa, ngomhla we-6 kuSihlabantangana ngo-1652. Bafika bakhamba ngemikhumbi emihlanu badoswa phambili ngu-Jan Van Riebeeck. Isizathu esenza amaDatjhi azithole aseKapa yindaba yezerhwebo. Abantwaba bebangaphasi kwekhamphani ebizwa bona yi-Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC).[1]

Ikhamphani le beyithatha ipahla, ikhambe amalwandle ngemikhumbi, iyoyithengisa eNdiya. Yeke ngebanga lokubalekela iingebengu zelwandle beyizomba inarhakazi yoke ye-Afrika. Kodwana ibangeli belilide khulu, begodu imikhumbi beyiphelelwa kukudla isendleleni. Yeke bekufuze kube nendawo lapha bangajama khona baphumule bathole nokudla okuzobafikisa eNdiya, iinthelo, imirorho, inyama namanzi ahlanzekileko ebekutholakala budisi kezinye iindawo. IKapa yaba ngileyondawo, ngikho nje beyibizwa bona yi-Cape of Good Hope.[2]

U-Jan Van Riebeeck wabona indawo le asendleleni ebuyela emva e-Holland, avela eJapani, njengombana bekathengisela i-VOC iinkhumba. Wathi nakehla emkhunjini eKapa, wabona indawo le ingaba yihle khulu bona imikhumbi ye-VOC ingaphumulela khona bese iraga nekhambo layo itjhinge eNdiya.[2]

U-Jan Van Riebeeck - 1647

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U-Jan Van Riebeeck

Kuhlekuhle bekungasikokuthoma amaDatjhi afika ngo-1652. Bakhe bafika okokuthoma ngenyanga kaNtaka ngo-1647 bakhamba ngomkhumbi obizwa bona yi-Nieuwe Haarlem. Umkhumbi lo wafika waphahlazeka eKapa. Abasinda emkhunjini lowo bafika bakha indawo abayibiza bona yi-Sand Fort of the Cape of Good Hope. Bahlala lapho pheze umnyaka woke. Ekugcineni kwafika imikhumbi eli-12 ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-W.G de Jong. Komunye wemikhumbi le bekunendoda ebizwa bona ngu-Jan Van Riebeeck.[3][2]

U-Jan Van Riebeeck (U-Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" Van Riebeeck) wabelethwa ngomhla ka-21 kuSihlabantangana 1619 e-Culemborg, e-Netherlands abelethwa nguyise ungodorhodere ohlinzako. Wakhulela e-Schiedam, e-Netherlands, kwathi ngomhla wama-28 kuNtaka 1649, watjhada u-Maria de la Queillerie, waba nabantwana ababunane naye.[2]

U-Jan Van Riebeeck waba lilunga le-Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC) ngo-1639 lapha athoma khona ukuba msizi kadorhodere ohlinzako ekhambeni labo lokuya e-Batavia (namhlanjesi eyaziwa nge-Jakarta) ngenyanga kaSihlabantangana 1639 bese batjhinga e-Nagasaki eJapani ngo-1643.[2]

Ngo-1645 u-Jan Van Riebeeck wanikelwa isabelo sokuba mphathi wesitetjhi sokurhwebela se-VOC ebesise-Tongkin e-French Indochina (namhlanjesi eyaziwa nge-Vietnam). Wehliswa esikhundleneso ngebanga lokuthi besele azenzela irhwebo lakhe langeqadi, okuphula umthetho wekhamphani othi abaphathi akukafuzi bazenzele irhwebo ngeqadi ngepahla yekhamphani. Kwathi bona ehliswe esikhundleni, wazithola sele kufuze abuyele emva e-Netherlands ayoqalana nemilandu yakhe. Ngikho-ke besele atholakala komunye wemikhumbi eli-12 ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-W.G de Jong. Wafika e-Table Bay hlanu kwe-Cape of Good Hope wahlala khona amalanga ali-18. Lokho kwamnikela isikhathi sokuqalisisa indawo, nokucabanga bona angayisebenzisa njani ekwenzeni bona i-VOC imthembe godu. Wayibona iyindawo enganikela ngokudla namanzi kabakhamba ngemikhumbi.[2]

Njengombana umkhumbi i-Nieuwe Haerlem waphahlazeka ngo-1647, abasindileko bakha indawo lapho, u-Jan Van Riebeeck walemuka indlela ebebarhwebelana ngayo namaKhoikhoi njengombana balinde ukutakulwa. Ngemva kwalokho-ke watlola umbiko ngendawo le nangakho koke akubonileko, bewahlongoza bona indawo le ingaba yindawo ehle khulu i-VOC engayisebenzisa. Umbiko lo watlolwa ngo-1648 wathunyelwa ekhamphanini. Kwathi ngo-1651 i-VOC yathatha isiqunto sokuthi indawo ye-Cape of Good Hope ayisetjenziselwe iminqopho yekhamphani.[2]

I-VOC yakhetha yena u-Jan Van Riebeeck bona kube nguye umdosiphambili ozokuhloma isitetjhi sokuphumula semikhumbi yamaDatjhi khona izokuthola ukudla okutjha okunepilo namanzi ahlanzekileko. Kwaba kusuka kwakhe-ke u-Jan Van Riebeeck, asuka e-Texel, e-Netherlands ngomhla wama-24 kuNobayeni 1651 bewayokufika e-Table Bay ngomhla wesi-6 kaSihlabantangana 1652.[2] Bafika bakhamba ngemikhumbi emihlanu - i-Dromedaris, i-Reijger, i-Goede Hoop, i-Oliphant ne-Walvisch.[1][3]

Ukufika KwamaDatjhi - 1652

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Imikhumbi yamaDatjhi ifika eKapa

U-Jan Van Riebeeck wasuka ngomhla wama-24 kuNobayeni 1651 e-Texel, e-Netherlands, wafika ngomhla wesi-6 kaSihlabantangana 1652.[2] Bafika bakhamba ngemikhumbi emihlanu - i-Dromedaris, i-Reijger, i-Goede Hoop, i-Oliphant ne-Walvisch.[1][3] Emithathu le ngiyo eyafika qangi, ngikho kwaziwa khulu le emithathu, le eminye imikhumbi emibili yafika mva. Ekufikeni kwakhe nabantu ebekakhamba nabo ngemikhumbi le wafika wakha indawo yobuphephelo ebizwa bona yi-Fort de Goede Hoop (Fort of Good Hope). Bafika batjala endaweni leyo, kodwana iintjalo zabo khenge zitlhurhe kuhle, mhlamunye ngebanga lobujamo bezulu obungafani nobe-Netherlands, netjharagano ebeliphakathi kwamadoda ebekakhamba nawo nakufuze basebenze batlhgomele imikhumbu edlulako. Abantu bebabancani umsebenzi umnengi.[2]

Kwathi ngo-1655 u-Van Riebeeck wabika bona ngaphandle kwabantu abazimisele ukusebenza emasimini, isitetjhesi sizokubhalelwa ukwenza umsebenzi esihloselwe wona. Kwathi ngo-1657, i-VOC yathumela abalimi ababhadelwako, ngombandela wokuthi balime inarha bebathengisele ikhamphani iintjalo abazilimileko. Ngibo laba ebebabizwa bona ma-Free Burghers (Vry Burgers). U-Jan Van Riebeeck wathatha isikhathi sakhe soke atjala bekakhiqiza amagrepsi, ama-apula namazambana, ukudla okuzokuba lisizo khulu emikhumbini edlulako. Kwathi ngo-1659 besele anesivuno samagrepsi ebesikhiqiza iwayini elibovu elilwisana nobulwele be-scurvy, njengombana besele alemukile bona ukusela iwayini kuyabuvikela ubulwelobu ngokwezinga elithileko.[2]

Ama-Khoikhoi

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Ukuthoma kokufika kwamaDatjhi eKapa (Cape of Good Hope) khenge kubamangaze abantu bendabuko bendawo leyo ama-Khoikhoi. AmaDatjhi afika nje ama-Khoikhoi besele kukade arhwebelana namaPutukezi, amaFrentji namaNgisi. Nangaphezu kokufika kuka-Van Riebeeck, ngokuya kuka-Knox‑Johnson, phakathi nomnyaka wabo-1600 kuya ku-1700, besele kudlule imikhumbi yamaDatjhi eziyi-1 730. Yeke amaKhoikhoi bekangawaqabuki amaDatjhi ngesikhatheso.[4]

Ama-Khoikhoi

Esikhathini sokufika kwamaDatjhi bekunendoda ebizwa bona ngu-Autshumato, namkha u-Autshumao, amaDatjhi ebebambiza bona ngu-Harry die Strandloper. U-Autshumato bekayikosi yesitjhaba samaKhoikhoi ebesibizwa bona ma-Gorinhaikona. Isitetjhana sokurhwebelana nabantu bemikhumbi sathonywa nguye.[5] Ngo-1630 wathathwa maNgisi esitjhabeni sekhabo bona ambandulele ukukhulumisana nabanye ngendaba yezokurhwebelana begodu atolige. Yeke amaNgisi amthatha amusa e-Bantam eNgilandi, wafika wafundiswa isiNgisi, isiDatjhi nesiFrentji nesiPutukezi. Wathi nakabuya eKapa bamthatha bamusa e-Robben Island yena nabalandeli bakhe. Bekuthi imikhumbi nayifikako ambathe iimpahla zamaYurobhu akhulumisane nabokapteni bemikhumbi, akhulume isiNgisi nesiFrentji. Bambiza bona yi-Governor.[6]

Kwathi ngo-1638, u-Autshumao nomphakathi wekhabo ebewunabantu abangaba ma-60, babuya esihlengehlengeni beza enarheni eKapa, lapha kuhlangana khona umlambo i-Camissa River nelwandle. Yena nomndenakhe ngibo ebebaphethe isitetjhi sokurhwebelana i-‖Ammaqua (okutjho Abantu bemanzini) okulibizo u-Jan Van Riebeeck ebekababiza ngalo ekuthomeni.[5][6]

Ngesikhathi amaDatjhi afika, umuntu wokuthoma ukubamukela bekungu-Autshumao nabantu bakhe. ngikho nje amaDatjhi bebababiza ngokuthi ma-Strandloper ngombana babathola bakhamba eligwini lelwandle. Kusukela bathoma ukubonana bathoma ukurhwebelana. Zoke izinto ebezenzeka u-Jan Van Riebeeck wazitlola emajenalini wakhe. AmaDatjhi bewathenga iinkomo nezimvu kuma-Khoikhoi ngepahla ehlukahlukeneko kuhlanganise notjwala negwayi. Bese inyama yefuyo le idliwe, enye ethengiselwe abantu abadlula ngemikhumbi yekhamphani.[7]

Kwathi ngenyanga kaSewula wango-1653 kwaba nokurhitjhana phakathi kuka-Autshumato nomelusi weenkomo zika-Van Riebeeck u-David Jansz. U-Autshumato wambulala wathatha iinkomo. Ukurhitjhanokhu kuthoma nje iintjhaba ezimbili lezi besele zingasathelelani kuhle amanzi. AmaDatjhi besele aqala u-Autshumato nabantu bakhe njengamasela. U-Jan Van Riebeeck wathi u-Autshumato lisela elinelimi elibutjhelelezi. AmaKhoikhoi aqala amaDatjhi njengabakhohlisi ngokuthi intengo yotjwala negwayi ayilingani nentengo yesilwana esifuywako. Bebathi bangabusela utjwala buphele, babone ifuywabo emadlelweni wamaDatjhi, yanda. Bese amaKhoikhoi akhambe ayoyeba.[8]

Isenzakalo sokubulawa kuka-David Jansz sasusa ipi phakathi kwama-Khoe namaDatjhi. U-Van RieBeeck wathi u-Autshumato unomlandu wokubulala. Yeke kwaliwa ipi, ekugcineni ama-Khoe ahlulwa. U-Autshumato wabanjwa wasiwa ekuthunjweni e-Robben Island ngawo umnyaka ka-1653. Kodwana ngo-1655 watjhatjululwa wabuyiswa enarheni. Nakafikako u-Jan Van Riebeeck wamamukela wambuyisela esikhundleni sakhe sokutologa.[9] Ngesikhathesi u-Autshumato besele azwisisa indlela amaYurobhu arhweba ngayo nendlela yokuzuza kiyo. Bekathi nakarhwebela u-Jan Van Riebeeck iinkomo, aqiniseke bona imbadelo yekhamphani yanele bona ingabhadela neenkomo azithengela zona yena, ngikho nje aba mumuntu oregileko eKapa.[9]

Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi kwaba nokhunye godu ukurhitjhana phakathi kwama-Khoekhoe namaDatjhi ngo-1657. Ukurhitjhanokhu kubangwa kungazwani kwama-Free Burghers (Vry Burgers) neengqila ze-Madagascar. U-Jan Van Riebeeck wakateleleka bona akhe isivikelo endaweni leyo, bona enze ama-Khoekhoe asuke endaweni leyo. Bekuthi ezinye iingqila naziphunyurhako asebenzise u-Autshumato njengesithunjwa ukuhlohlozela ama-Khoe bona akhambe ayokubamba iingqilezo. Kodwana iqhinga lika-Van Riebeeck khenge liphumelele ngendlela afuna ngayo. Kwathi ngo-1658 u-Autshumato wabanjwa, wathathelwa yoke ifuywakhe. Ngemva kokutjhutjhiswa wathunjwa wasiwa e-Robben Island godu. Kodwana wathi nakalapho waphunyurha ngesikepe esivuzako. Bekube kunamhlanjesi, u-Autshumato nguye kwaphela umuntu okghone ukuphunyurha e-Robben Island njengesibotjhwa. Kunokuthi nakabuyako enarheni abotjhwe, u-Van Riebeeck wambuyisela esikhundleni sakhe sokukhulumisana nokutologa.[9][10]

Ngomhla wobu-8 kuKhukhulamungu wango-1662 u-Jan Van Riebeeck wakhamba eKapa esesewula Afrika, watjhiya u-Zacharias Wagenaer bona kube nguye osala aphethe endaweni abakiyo eKapa. Wafika wahlala endaweni ebizwa bona yiMalacca namhlanjesi ebizwa bona yi-Melaka eseMalaysia, wahlala lapho bekwaba nguKhukhulamungu wango-1665. Umkakhe wahlongakala ngokubulawa bulwele bepokisi ngenyanga kaSinyikhaba ngo-1664. Ngemva kwalokho wabekwa esikhundleni sokuba ngu-Governor-General-in-Council wenarha yeNdiya, begodu wahlala e-Batavia ipilwakhe yoke. Wahlongakala ngomhla we-18 kuTjhirhweni 1677.[11] Kwaba kufika nokuhlala kwamaDatjhi eSewula Afrika.

Iinkhombo

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 South African History Online (13 January 2024) The Dutch Settlement. Retrieved from: https://sahistory.org.za/article/dutch-settlement Retrieved on 01/01/2026.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 South African History Online (17 October 2011), Jan van Riebeeck. Retrieved from: https://sahistory.org.za/people/jan-van-riebeeck. Retreived on 03/01/2026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Marco Ramerini, English text by Dietrich Köster (January, 11 2014), The Dutch in South Africa, 1652-1795 and 1802-1806. Retrieved from https://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-south-africa/. Retrieved on 03/01/2026.
  4. ↑ Helen Swingler (22 September 2021) Heritage Month: The Khoi encountered Europeans long before Van Riebeeck, University of Cape Town News. Retrieved from: https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2021-09-22-the-khoi-encountered-europeans-long-before-van-riebeeck. Retrieved on 12/01/2026.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Roben Island Museum (13 May 2017) Autshumato. Retrieved from: http://www.robben-island.org.za/departments/heritage/gallery/autshumato.asp. Retrieved on 14/01/2026.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Camissa Museum (2026) Autshumao (1610 - 1674), Retrieved from: https://camissamuseum.co.za/index.php/7-tributaries/1-cape-indigenous-africans/autshumao. Retrieved on 12/01/2026.
  7. ↑ Steemit Website (2018) SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY: Autshumato translator and first Postmaster of The Cape of Good Hope. Retrieved from: https://steemit.com/history/@krabgat/south-african-history-autshumato-translator-and-first-postmaster-of-the-cape-of-good-hope. Retrieved on 14/01/2026.
  8. ↑ Castle of Good Hope (13th November 2018) Interpreters' Flawed Contracts With DutchRetrieved from: https://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/index.php/news/100-news/142-interpreters-flawed-contracts-with-dutch. Retrieved on 14/01/2026.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Steemit Website (2018) SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY: Autshumato translator and first Postmaster of The Cape of Good Hope. Retrieved from: https://steemit.com/history/@krabgat/south-african-history-autshumato-translator-and-first-postmaster-of-the-cape-of-good-hope. Retrieved on 14/01/2026.
  10. ↑ Camissa Museum (2026) Autshumao (1610 - 1674), Retrieved from: https://camissamuseum.co.za/index.php/7-tributaries/1-cape-indigenous-africans/autshumao. Retrieved on 12/01/2026.
  11. ↑ S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science (2026)Van Riebeeck, Commander Johan Antoniszoon (advancement of science). Retrieved from: https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2953. Retrieved on 16/01/2026.
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