Umbuso webandlululo

Igama elithi "Ibandlululo" tjhugululwe ukusuka elimini lesibhuru okutjho 'ukuhlukana', ibandlululo bekuyimbono eyasekelwa ngurhulumende we-National Party (NP) begodu yathonywa eSewula Afrika ngo-1948.^[1] Ibandlululo labawa ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukileko kwamakoro weentjhaba ezihlukahlukeneko eSewula Afrika. Ephepheni bekubonakala ngasuthi kufuna ukuthuthukiswa okulinganako nekululeko yokuveza amasiko, kodwana indlela ebegade isetjenziswa ngayo yenza bona lokhu kungakghonakali. Imithetho yebandlululo yakatelela iintjhaba ezihlukahlukeneko bona zihlale ngokwehlukana begodu zithuthuke ngokwehlukana, begodu ngokungalingani khulu. Ilinge ukuqeda woke umtjhado nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi hlangana namakoro wobuhlanga.^[2] Ngesikhathi sebandlululo, ukuba nobungani nomuntu wobuhlanga obuhlukileko bekuletha iinsolo kuwe, nofana okumbi khulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ibandlululo bekulihlelo lezenhlalakahle ebelihlukumeza khulu inengi labantu, ngombana bebangafani umbala wesikhumba wababusi. Abanengi bebagcinwa ngaphezu kokutlhaga ngombana 'bebangasibo abamhlophe'.

Ngokweenkambisolawulo ezisisekelo, ibandlululo belingafani kangako emthethweni wokuhlukanisa urhulumende weSewula Afrika owawukhona ngaphambi kokuthi i-Afrikaner Nationalist Party ifike emandleni ngo-1948. Umehluko omkhulu kukobana ibandlululo lenze ihlukaniso libe yingcenye yomthetho. Ibandlululo lahlukanisa abantu ngesihlungu nangokugandelela, begodu linehlelo lombuso elithusako lokujezisa labo abangavumelani. Esinye isizathu sokuthi kubayini ibandlululo belibonwa njengelibi khulu ukudlula ukuhlukaniswa, kukuthi ibandlululo lathonywa ngesikhathi lapho amanye amazwe bekatjhiya khona imigomo yebandlululo. Ngaphambi kwePi yesiBili yePhasi inarha yeTjingalanga beyingathatheli phasi kangako ukubandlulula ngokobuhlanga, begodu i-Afrika beyikoloni ngalesi sikhathi. Ipi yesiBili yePhasi yaveza imiraro yokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga, yenza bona umhlaba ufulathele imigomo enjalo begodu wakhuthaza iimfuno zokususwa kwamakoloni. Kungesikhathi lesi lapho iSewula Afrika yethula khona umthethomgomo oqinileko wobandlululo.

Abantu bavame ukuzibuza bona kubayini umthethomgomo onjalo wethulwe begodu kubayini wasekelwa kangaka. Iinzathu ezihlukahlukeneko zingavezwa ngebandlululo, nanyana zoke zihlobene khulu. Iinzathu ezikulu zilele emibonweni yokuphakama ngokobuhlanga nokwesaba. Ephasini loke, ukubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga kuthonywa mqondo wokobana omunye umhlobo kufuze ube ngaphezu komunye. Imibono enjalo itholakala kiwo woke amaqembu wabantu. Esinye isizathu esikhulu sebandlululo bekukwesaba, njengombana eSewula Afrika abantu abamhlophe bambalwa, begodu inengi belitshwenyekile ngokuthi lingalahlekelwa misebenzi, amasiko nelimi.^[3] Lokhu akusiso isizathu sebandlululo, kodwana kuhlathulula bona abantu bebacabanga njani.

Imithetho yebandlululo

Kwaphasiswa imithetho eminengi ekubunjweni kombuso webandlululo. Nanzi iinsika ezimbalwa ebegade zijame kizo: UmThetho wokuTloliswa kwabantu, 1950 UmThetho lo bewufuna bona abantu batloliswe ngokuya ngokobuhlanga babo. Lokhu kutjho bona umNyango wezeKhaya bewuzokuba nerekhodi labantu ngokuya ngokuthi bamhlophe, banemibala, bamnyama, bama-India nofana bama-Asia. Abantu bebazokuphathwa ngendlela ehlukileko ngokuya ngesiqhema sabo, begodu umthetho lo waba sisekelo sebandlululo.^[4] Kodwana bekungasi lula ngaso soke isikhathi ukuqunta bona umuntu uyingcenye yabaphi ubuhlanga, begodu lokhu kwabanga imiraro.

UmThetho weeNdawo weenqhema, 1950 Lo bekumthetho owathoma ukuhlukana hlangana kweentjhaba, khulukhulu eendaweni ezisemadorobheni. Umthetho lo godu ufuna ukususwa kwezinye iinqhema zabantu ziye eendaweni ezibekelwe amaqembu wabo wobuhlanga.UmThetho wokuThuthukiswa kokuZiBusa kwamaBantu, we-1959 UmThetho lo bewuthi iintjhaba ezihlukahlukeneko kufuze zihlale eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko. Kwasala iphesenteji encani yeSewula Afrika bona abantu abanzima (ebebayinengi labo) bakhe 'amazwe wabo'. Umthetho lo godu wasusa 'amabala amnyama' ngaphakathi kweendawo zabantu abamhlophe, ngokususa boke abantu abamnyama ngaphandle kwedorobha. Ukususwa okwaziwako bekuku-District 6, i-Sophiatown kanye ne-Lady Selborne. Abantu abamnyama laba babe sebefakwa emalokishini angaphandle kwedorobha. Bebangakghoni ukuba nepahla lapha, bayiqatjha kwaphela, ngombana inarha beyingaba ngeyabantu abamhlophe kwaphela. Umthetho lo wabanga ubudisi obukhulu nokusilingeka. Abantu balahlekelwa makhaya wabo, basuswa eendaweni ebegade banazo iminyaka eminengi begodu bathuthelwa eendaweni ezingakathuthukiswa kude nendawo abasebenza kiyo.

Eminye imithetho eqakathekileko bekuyi:

UmThetho wokuVimbela imitjhado ehlangeneko, 1949

UmThetho wokuTjhugulula ukuZiphatha kumbi, 1950

UmThetho wokuJanyelwa okuhlukileko kwabavowudi, 1951

Ukujamelana ngaphambi kwaka-1960

Ukujamelana nebandlululo kwavela kiyo yoke imikhakha, begodu ingasi kwaphela, njengombana kuvame ukucatshangelwa, kilabo abahlangabezana nemiphumela emimbi yokubandlululwa. Ukuhlatjwa kwavela nakwamanye amazwe, begodu amanye wawo anikela isekelo leenhlangano zekululeko zeSewula Afrika. Ezinye zeenhlangano eziqakatheke khulu ezibandakanyeka emzabalazweni wekululeko bekuyi-African National Congress (ANC), i-Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), i-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), i-Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) kanye ne-United Democratic Front (UDF). Bekunama-India nama-Colored (isib. i-Natal Indian Congress (NIC), i-Colored People's Organisation), amaqembu wabantu abamhlophe (isib. i-Armed Resistance Movement (ARM), kanye ne-Black Sash) kanye namaqembu asekelwe esontweni (i-Christian Institute). Sizokucabangela i-ANC.

I-ANC

I-ANC yabunjwa e-Bloemfontein ngo-1912, msinyana ngemva kwe-Union of South Africa. Ekuthomeni beyibizwa nge-South African Native National Congress (i-SANNC). Kwathonywa njengomkhankaso wabantu abaNzima abaphezulu, okutjho labo abaNzima ebebafundile. Ngo-1919, i-ANC yathumela isithunywa e-London ukuyokuncenga isivumelwano esitjha sabantu abamnyama beSewula Afrika, kodwana azange kube netjhuguluko ebujameni babo

Isithunywa se-South African Native National Congress e-England, ngoMgwengweni 1919 Umthombo wesithombe.Umlando wokujamelana kwe-ANC udlula eengabeni ezintathu. Eyokuthoma bekukukhulumisana nokufaka isibawo; ukuphikiswa kwesibili okunqophileko begodu kokugcina kube yisikhathi somzabalazo ohlomileko. Ngomnyaka ka-1949, ngemva nje kokuthi kwethulwe ibandlululo, i-ANC yathoma indlela yokulwa, lapho i-Youth League idlala indima eqakathekileko. ^[5]I-ANC yethula iHlelo layo lokuSebenza ngo-1949, isekela isenzo sokuteleka, ukutjhikiyela nezinye iinhlobo zokujamelana okungasikho kobudlova. U-Nelson Mandela, u-Oliver Tambo no-Walter Sisulu bathoma ukudlala indima eqakathekileko ku-ANC ngesikhathesi. Ngo-1952 i-ANC yathoma umKhankaso wokuTjhiya. Ijima leli belibiza abantu bona baphule imithetho yebandlululo ngamabomu begodu bazinikele bona babotjhwe.

Bekuthenjwa bona ukwanda kwezibotjhwa kuzokwenza bona ihlelo libhidlike begodu lithole isekelo leentjhabatjhaba le-ANC. Abantu abanzima bangena 'emabhasini amhlophe', basebenzisa 'amathoyilethi amhlophe', bangena 'eendaweni zabamhlophe' begodu bala ukusebenzisa amaphasi. Nanyana abantu abayi-8 000 bagcina bavalelwe ejele, i-ANC azange ibe yingozi embusweni webandlululo.I-ANC yaragela phambili ngendlela efanako hlangana neminyaka yabo-1950, bekwaba kulapho ngo-1959 amanye amalunga ahlukana khona akha i-PAC. Amalunga la bekafuna ukulandela indlela enobudlova neyepi, begodu abona ngasuthi ipumelelo angeze yafinyelelwa ngendlela ye-ANC

Iinkomba

↑ https://sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa
↑ Mhlauli, M.B., Salani, E. and Mokotedi, R., 2015. Understanding apartheid in South Africa through the racial contract. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 5(4), pp.203-219.
↑ https://sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa
↑ Govender, N. and Reddy, P.S., 2019. Urban regeneration in South Africa-the apartheid legacy and legislative framework re-examined–the case of eThekweni Municipality. African Journal of Public Affairs, 11(2), pp.83-102.
↑ Suttner, R., 2012. The African National Congress centenary: a long and difficult journey. International Affairs, 88(4), pp.719-738.

[1] ttps://sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa

[2] Mhlauli, M.B., Salani, E. and Mokotedi, R., 2015. Understanding apartheid in South Africa through the racial contract. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 5(4), pp.203-219.

[3] ttps://sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa

[4] Govender, N. and Reddy, P.S., 2019. Urban regeneration in South Africa-the apartheid legacy and legislative framework re-examined–the case of eThekweni Municipality. African Journal of Public Affairs, 11(2), pp.83-102.

[5] Suttner, R., 2012. The African National Congress centenary: a long and difficult journey. International Affairs, 88(4), pp.719-738.

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