Umgodi

Ukumba umgodi

Umgodi omncane obhojwe phansi, kungaba ngokuthe nqo nofana ngokuvundlileko. Umgodi ungakhiwa ngenhloso ezinengi ezihlukahlukeneyo, kugoqela okufaka lokokukhipha amanzi ( umthombo wamanzi obhojiweko nomthombo wetjhubhu ), ezinye izinto (ezifana ne -petroleum ), nofana lamagesi (njengegesi yemvelo ). Kungaba yingxenye yophenyo lwe-geotechnical, ukuhlolwa kwendawo yebhoduluko, ukuhlolwa kwamaminerali, ukulinganisa amazinga womtjhiso, njengomgodi wokulinga wokufaka amapayipi nofana lezisetshenziswayo ezingaphasi kwehlabathi, ukufakwa kwe-geothermal, nofana ukubulungwa ngaphasi kwehlabathi kwezinto ezingafunekiyo.

Ukuqakatheka

Omanjinela nabacebisi bezebhoduluko basebenzisa ibizo elithi umgodi ukuhlathulula ngokuhlanganyela yonke imihlobo ehlukileyo yemigodi ebhojiweko njengengcenye yophenyo lwe-geotechnical nofana ukuhlolwa kwendawo yezebhoduluko (okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Phase II ESA). Lokhu kufaka imigodi ethuthukisiweko ukubuthelela amasampula wehlabathi, amasampula amanzi kumbe amadwala, ukuthuthukisa imitjhini yokuthatha amasampula endaweni, nofana ukufaka imithombo yokutjheja nofana ama-piezometers . Amasampula abuthelelwe emigodini avamise ukuhlolwa elabhorethari ukuthola ubujamo bawo, nofana ukuhlola amazinga wamakhemikhali ahlukahlukeneko nofana izinto ezisilaphazako.

Ngokuvamileko, umgodi osetshenziswa njengomthombo wamanzi uqedwa ngokufaka ipayipi ejame ngqo (ikheyisi) nesikrini somthombo ukuvikela umgodi bona ungabhidli. Lokhu godu kusiza ukukhandela ukusilaphazeka kwephasi bona kungangeni emgodini begodu kuvikela nanyana ngiyiphi ipompo efakiweko bona ingadosi isihlabathi nenhlabathi. Imithombo yamafutha negesi yemvelo yenziwa ngendlela efanayo, nanyana ivamise ukuba yinkimbinkimbi.

Njengombana kuvezwe ngokunabileko ku- proxy (isimo sezulu), ukulinganisa amazinga womtjhiso we-borehole emlandweni wokujula okuhlukileko kunga " guqulwa " (ifomula yeembalo yokurarulula i-ikhweshini ye-matrix) ukusiza ukulinganisa amazinga womtjhiso wendawo yomlando.

Amaqoqo wemigodi emincani enendlela zokutshiswa ezenziwe ngepayipi yeplastiki ye-PEX ingasetshenziselwa ukugcina ukutshisa kumbe amakhaza hlangana neenkhathi eziphikisanako ngaphakathi kwamatje wemvelo. Indlela le ibizwa ngokuthi kugcinwa kwamandla womtjhiso ngesikhathi sonyaka . Iindaba ezingasetshenziselwa iqhinga leli zisukela ematjeni ukuya edwaleni. Kungaba nama-borehole ambalwa ukuya kwamakhulu amanengi, begodu ngokwenza, ukujula kwawo kusuka ku 50 to 300 metres (150 to 1,000 ft) .^[1]^[2]

Umlando

Ukubhoboza umgodi kunomlando omude. Okungenani ngobukhosi be-Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), amaTjhayina asebenzisa ukubhora umgodi ojulileko malungana nokumba namanye amaphrojekthi. Isazi se-sinology nesazi-mlando se-Britain u-Michael Loewe uthi indawo zokubhoboza zingafikelela emamitheni 6^[3]00 metres (2,000 ft) .^[4] U-KS Tom uchaza ikambiso yokubhora: "Indlela yamaTjhayina yokubhora ngokujulileko yenziwa lithimba lamadoda ebeligxuma phezulu begodu liphume emgogodleni ukobana lithinte isiqephu sokubhora ngesikhathi ithuluzi lokubhora lijikeleziswa zinyathi nenkomo.^[5] Le bekuyindlela efanako esetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-petroleum e -California ngeminyaka yabo-1860 (okutjho "ukumkhahlela phansi"). ^[6] I-Western Han dynasty bronze foundry eyatholwa e-Xinglong, e-Hebei gade inemigodi yemayini eseduze eyafikelela ekujuleni kwamamitha 100 metres (330 ft) eneendawo ezivulekileko zemayini; amashafthi namagumbi bekaphelele ngefreyimu yamapulangwe, amaladi namathulusi wensimbi.^[7] ^[8] Ngekhulu lokuthoma leminyaka BC, abasebenzi bezandla be-China ababhora ngensimbi kanye nababhora bebakghona ukubhora imigodi efika 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) ukutjhinga. ^[9] ^[10] Ngekhulu leminyaka elitshumi lanye AD, amaTjhayina bekakwazi ukubhora imigodi efika 900 metres (3,000 ft) ngokujula. Ukubhora imigodi bekuthatha isikhathi eside begodu kuthatha isikhathi eside. Njengombana ukujula kwemigodi bekuhlukahluka, ukubhoboza umthombo munye bekungathatha iminyaka elitshumi.^[4] Kwaze kwaba ngekhulu leminyaka ye-19 lapho i-Europe neTjingalanga zizokuthola begodu zincintisane nethekhnoloji yokubhora imigodi ye-China yakade.^[10] ^[5]

Kwaphela iminyaka eminengi, umgodi omude kakhulu ephasini bekuyi- Kola Superdeep Borehole e-Russia. Kusukela ngomnyaka ka-2011 bekube nguRhoboyi wee-2012 irekhodi belibanjwe li- 12,345-metre (40,502 ft) ubude i-Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP^[11] Kuhlekuhle, eduze nelwandle lesihlengele se-Russia i-Sakhalin . Umthombo we -Chayvo Z-44 ofinyeleleka khulu wathatha isikhundla somgodi omude khulu ephasini mhlazi-27 kuRhoboyi wee-2012. Ukujula okulinganisiweyo kwe-Z-44 kungamamitha 12,376 metres (40,604 ft) . Kodwana, imithombo ye-ERD ayijulile ukudlula i-Kola Borehole, ngebanga lokufuduka okukhulu okuvundlileyo. NgoJulayi 2023, i-China yaqala ukubhora imigodi etjhingako, enye e- Sichuan Basin kulindeleke bona ifinyelele 10,520 metres (34,510 ft) phasi begodu enye ise- Tarim Basin ngokujula okuhleliweko 11,100 metres (36,400 ft) .

Indlela yokusebenza

Ababholi bangacwilisa umgodi basebenzisa i -drill rig nofana i-rig esetshenziswa ngesandla. Imitshini namathekhnikhi wokuthuthukisa umgodi ayahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngomenzi, ubujamo bezesayensi, kanye nehloso ehlosiweko. Ukubhora elwandle amayunithi antantako nofana amaplatifomu asekelwa phansi kwelwandle asetshenziselwa ukubhora.

lkakhulu emazweni asathuthuka imigodi eminengi isagejwa ngezandla. Ukwemba kuqala ngomsebenzi wezandla kusetshenziswa amathulusi asisekelo afana namafosholo, amapiki, kanye nama-crowbar. Abasebenzi bemba ihlabathi ngesendlalelo ngesendlalelo, kanengi basebenzisa ukunyakaza okuyindilinga ukwenza umgodi omiswe kuhle. Ikambiso le ibuthakathaka begodu itlhoga, ifuna ukusebenzisana kwesiqhema nokusebenzisana. Ukukhandela bona amabhoda angawi begodu nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, umgodi ufakwe izinto ezifana nezitina, amatshe, nofana amasongo wekhonkrithi. Ukuqiniswa lokhu kugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo somgodi begodu kusiza ukukhandela ukusilaphazeka. Ipulatifomu yekhonkrithi nofana ilebhu ingafakwa phansi ukukhandela bona inkunkuma ingangeni emanzini. Ingaphezulu lomgodi livalwe ukuwuvikela ekungcolisweni nokusilaphazeka.

Qala godu

I-Askam Borehole e-Pennsylvania
Umsiki wekheyisi
Ukulahlwa kwemigodi etjhingako
Isivuli somgodi
Ukulahlwa komgodi ovundlileko
I-Kola Superdeep Borehole
Iphrofayili yokuzamazama komhlaba

Umthombo wolwazi

↑ Hellström G. (2008). Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden. IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich, May 19, 2008.
↑ Stiles, Lynn (June 1998). "Underground thermal energy storage in the US". IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter. 16 (2): 22–23.
↑ Conner, Clifford D. (2005). A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks. Nation Books. pp. 175. ISBN 978-1560257486.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Loewe (1968), 194
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Tom (1989), 103
↑ Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0521547246.
↑ Loewe (1968), 191.
↑ Wang (1982), 105.
↑ Hossain, M. E.; Abdullah Al-Majed, Abdulaziz (2015). Fundamentals of Sustainable Drilling Engineering. Wiley-Scrivener (published March 2, 2015). ISBN 978-0470878170.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Rezende, Lisa (2007). Chronology of Science. Checkmark Books (published April 1, 2007). pp. 40. ISBN 978-0816071197
↑ Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well Archived 2011-01-31 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Hellström G. (2008). Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden. IEA HP Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich, May 19, 2008.

[2] Stiles, Lynn (June 1998). "Underground thermal energy storage in the US". IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter. 16 (2): 22–23.

[3] Conner, Clifford D. (2005). A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks. Nation Books. pp. 175. ISBN 978-1560257486.

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Loewe (1968), 194

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Tom (1989), 103

[6] Hobson, John M. (2004). The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0521547246.

[7] Loewe (1968), 191.

[8] Wang (1982), 105.

[9] Hossain, M. E.; Abdullah Al-Majed, Abdulaziz (2015). Fundamentals of Sustainable Drilling Engineering. Wiley-Scrivener (published March 2, 2015). ISBN 978-0470878170.

[:2-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Rezende, Lisa (2007). Chronology of Science. Checkmark Books (published April 1, 2007). pp. 40. ISBN 978-0816071197

[11] Sakhalin-1 Project Drills World's Longest Extended-Reach Well Archived 2011-01-31 at the Wayback Machine

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